Golang依赖关联工具：glide从入门到精通使用

介绍

不论是开发Java还是你正在学习的Golang，都会遇到依赖管理问题。Java有牛逼轰轰的Maven和Gradle。 Golang亦有godep、govendor、glide、gvt、gopack等等，本文主要给大家介绍gilde。 glide是Golang的包管理工具，是为了解决Golang依赖问题的。

安装

Golang环境设置

Golang 1.5版本后才采用vendor目录特性。

//设置环境变量使用vendor目录
GO15VENDOREXPERIMENT=1

安装glide

$gogetgithub.com/Masterminds/glide
$goinstallgithub.com/Masterminds/glide

验证

$glide
NAME:
glide-VendorPackageManagementforyourGoprojects.

Eachprojectshouldhavea'glide.yaml'fileintheprojectdirectory.Files
looksomethinglikethis:

package:github.com/Masterminds/glide
imports:
-package:github.com/Masterminds/cookoo
version:1.1.0
-package:github.com/kylelemons/go-gypsy
subpackages:
-yaml

Formoredetailsonthe'glide.yaml'filesseethedocumentationat
https://glide.sh/docs/glide.yaml


USAGE:
glide[globaloptions]command[commandoptions][arguments...]

VERSION:
0.13.0-dev

COMMANDS:
create,initInitializeanewproject,creatingaglide.yamlfile
config-wizard,cwWizardthatmakesoptionalsuggestionstoimproveconfiginaglide.yamlfile.
getInstalloneormorepackagesinto`vendor/`andadddependencytoglide.yaml.
remove,rmRemoveapackagefromtheglide.yamlfile,andregeneratethelockfile.
importImportfilesfromotherdependencymanagementsystems.
namePrintthenameofthisproject.
novendor,nvListallnon-vendorpathsinadirectory.
rebuildRebuild('gobuild')thedependencies
install,iInstallaproject'sdependencies
update,upUpdateaproject'sdependencies
tree(Deprecated)Treeprintsthedependenciesofthisprojectasatree.
listListprintsalldependenciesthatthepresentcodereferences.
infoInfoprintsinformationaboutthisproject
cache-clear,ccClearstheGlidecache.
aboutLearnaboutGlide
mirrorManagemirrors
help,hShowsalistofcommandsorhelpforonecommand

GLOBALOPTIONS:
--yamlvalue,-yvalueSetaYAMLconfigurationfile.(default:"glide.yaml")
--quiet,-qQuiet(noinfoordebugmessages)
--debugPrintdebugverboseinformationalmessages
--homevalueThelocationofGlidefiles(default:"/home/users/qiangmzsx/.glide")[$GLIDE_HOME]
--tmpvalueThetempdirectorytouse.Defaultstosystemstemp[$GLIDE_TMP]
--no-colorTurnoffcoloredoutputforlogmessages
--help,-hshowhelp
--version,-vprinttheversion

看到这样，那就恭喜你，已经安装成功了！！！

使用

篇幅有限，我只介绍经常使用到的。先进入在GOPATH的一个项目中。

cd$GOPATH/src/foor

初始化 (glide init)

$glideinit
[INFO]GeneratingaYAMLconfigurationfileandguessingthedependencies
[INFO]Attemptingtoimportfromotherpackagemanagers(use--skip-importtoskip)
[INFO]Scanningcodetolookfordependencies
[INFO]-->Foundreferencetogithub.com/urfave/cli
[INFO]Writingconfigurationfile(glide.yaml)
[INFO]WouldyoulikeGlidetohelpyoufindwaystoimproveyourglide.yamlconfiguration?
[INFO]Ifyouwanttorevisitthisstepyoucanusetheconfig-wizardcommandatanytime.
[INFO]Yes(Y)orNo(N)?
Y
[INFO]Loadingmirrorsfrommirrors.yamlfile
[INFO]Lookingfordependenciestomakesuggestionson
[INFO]-->Scanningfordependenciesnotusingversionranges
[INFO]-->Scanningfordependenciesusingcommitids
[INFO]Gatheringinformationoneachdependency
[INFO]-->Thismaytakeamoment.Especiallyonacodebasewithmanydependencies
[INFO]-->Gatheringreleaseinformationfordependencies
[INFO]-->Lookingfordependencyimportswhereversionsarecommitids
[INFO]Herearesomesuggestions...
[INFO]Thepackagegithub.com/urfave/cliappearstohaveSemanticVersionreleases(http://semver.org).
[INFO]Thelatestreleaseisv1.19.1.Youarecurrentlynotusingarelease.Wouldyoulike
[INFO]tousethisrelease?Yes(Y)orNo(N)
Y
[INFO]Wouldyouliketorememberthepreviousdecisionandapplyittofuture
[INFO]dependencies?Yes(Y)orNo(N)
Y
[INFO]Updatinggithub.com/urfave/clitousethereleasev1.19.1insteadofnorelease
[INFO]Thepackagegithub.com/urfave/cliappearstousesemanticversions(http://semver.org).
[INFO]Wouldyouliketotrackthelatestminororpatchreleases(major.minor.patch)?
[INFO]Trackingminorversionreleaseswoulduse'>=1.19.1,<2.0.0'('^1.19.1').Trackingpatchversion
[INFO]releaseswoulduse'>=1.19.1,<1.20.0'('~1.19.1').FormoreinformationonGlideversions
[INFO]andrangesseehttps://glide.sh/docs/versions
[INFO]Minor(M),Patch(P),orSkipRanges(S)?
P
[INFO]Wouldyouliketorememberthepreviousdecisionandapplyittofuture
[INFO]dependencies?Yes(Y)orNo(N)
Y
[INFO]Updatinggithub.com/urfave/clitousetherange~1.19.1insteadofcommitidv1.19.1
[INFO]Configurationchangeshavebeenmade.Wouldyouliketowritethese
[INFO]changestoyourconfigurationfile?Yes(Y)orNo(N)
Y
[INFO]Writingupdatestoconfigurationfile(glide.yaml)
[INFO]Youcannowedittheglide.yamlfile.:
[INFO]-->Formoreinformationonversionsandrangesseehttps://glide.sh/docs/versions/
[INFO]-->Fordetailsonadditionalmetadataseehttps://glide.sh/docs/glide.yaml/
$ll
glide.yaml
$catglide.yaml
package:foor
import:[]

在初始化过程中， glide 会询问一些问题。 glide.yaml记载了依赖包的列表及其更新规则，每次执行 glide up 时，都会按照指定的规则（如只下载补丁(patch)不下载升级(minor)）下载新版。

一个完整的gilde.yaml

package:foor
homepage:https://github.com/qiangmzsx
license:MIT
owners:
-name:qiangmzsx
email:qiangmzsx@hotmail.com
homepage:https://github.com/qiangmzsx
#去除包
ignore:
-appengine
-golang.org/x/net
#排除目录
excludeDirs:
-node_modules
#导入包
import:
-package:github.com/astaxie/beego
version:1.8.0
-package:github.com/coocood/freecache
-package:github.com/garyburd/redigo/redis
-package:github.com/go-sql-driver/mysql
-package:github.com/bitly/go-simplejson
-package:git.oschina.net/qiangmzsx/beegofreecache
testImport:
-package:github.com/smartystreets/goconvey
subpackages:
-convey

很多人看着yaml很不习惯，没事，我转一下json给大家看看。

{
"excludeDirs":[
"node_modules"
],"owners":[
{
"homepage":"https://github.com/qiangmzsx","name":"qiangmzsx","email":"qiangmzsx@hotmail.com"
}
],"license":"MIT","package":"foor","ignore":[
"appengine","golang.org/x/net"
],"import":[
{
"version":"1.8.0","package":"github.com/astaxie/beego"
},{
"package":"github.com/coocood/freecache"
},{
"package":"github.com/garyburd/redigo/redis"
},{
"package":"github.com/go-sql-driver/mysql"
},{
"package":"github.com/bitly/go-simplejson"
},{
"package":"git.oschina.net/qiangmzsx/beegofreecache"
}
],"testImport":[
{
"subpackages":[
"convey"
],"package":"github.com/smartystreets/goconvey"
}
],"homepage":"https://github.com/qiangmzsx"
}

版本号指定规则

=:equal(aliasedtonooperator)
!=:notequal
>:greaterthan
<:lessthan
>=:greaterthanorequalto
<=:lessthanorequalto

1.2-1.4.5whichisequivalentto>=1.2,<=1.4.5
2.3.4-4.5whichisequivalentto>=2.3.4,<=4.5
1.2.xisequivalentto>=1.2.0,<1.3.0

>=1.2.xisequivalentto>=1.2.0
<=2.xisequivalentto<3
*isequivalentto>=0.0.0

~1.2.3isequivalentto>=1.2.3,<1.3.0
~1isequivalentto>=1,<2
~2.3isequivalentto>=2.3,<2.4
~1.2.xisequivalentto>=1.2.0,<1.3.0
~1.xisequivalentto>=1,<2

^1.2.3isequivalentto>=1.2.3,<2.0.0
^1.2.xisequivalentto>=1.2.0,<2.0.0
^2.3isequivalentto>=2.3,<3
^2.xisequivalentto>=2.0.0,<3

’‘指定版本报错，需要用’’指定的可以不填写

安装依赖 (glide install)

glide.yaml我们已经准备好了，现在就改安装一下试试。

$glideinstall
[ERROR]Failedtoparse/home/users/xxxx/golang/src/foor/glide.yaml:yaml:invalidleadingUTF-8octet
报错了！别担心看看你的yaml文件是否为utf-8编码，不是就转换一下就好啦！
$glideinstall
[INFO]Lockfile(glide.lock)doesnotexist.Performingupdate.
[INFO]Downloadingdependencies.Pleasewait...
[INFO]-->Fetchingupdatesforgithub.com/go-sql-driver/mysql
[INFO]-->Fetchingupdatesforgithub.com/astaxie/beego
[INFO]-->Fetchingupdatesforgithub.com/coocood/freecache
[INFO]-->Fetchingupdatesforgit.oschina.net/qiangmzsx/beegofreecache
[INFO]-->Fetchingupdatesforgithub.com/bitly/go-simplejson
[INFO]-->Fetchingupdatesforgithub.com/garyburd/redigo
[INFO]-->Fetchingupdatesforgithub.com/smartystreets/goconvey
[INFO]-->Detectedsemanticversion.Settingversionforgithub.com/astaxie/beegotov1.8.0
[INFO]Resolvingimports
[INFO]Downloadingdependencies.Pleasewait...
[INFO]Settingreferencesforremainingimports
[INFO]Exportingresolveddependencies...
[INFO]-->Exportinggithub.com/astaxie/beego
[INFO]-->Exportinggithub.com/coocood/freecache
[INFO]-->Exportinggithub.com/bitly/go-simplejson
[INFO]-->Exportinggithub.com/go-sql-driver/mysql
[INFO]-->Exportinggithub.com/garyburd/redigo
[INFO]-->Exportinggithub.com/smartystreets/goconvey
[INFO]-->Exportinggit.oschina.net/qiangmzsx/beegofreecache
[INFO]Replacingexistingvendordependencies
[INFO]Projectrelieson6dependencies.
$ll
total12
glide.lock
glide.yaml
vendor
$llvendor/
git.oschina.net
github.com

看到glide.look了吗，这个文件记载了依赖包确定的revision,下次再执行 glide install 时，会直接读这个文件下载确定的版本。

升级版本 (glide up)

glide up 会按照语义化版本规则更新依赖包代码，开发过程中如果需要使用新版代码，可以执行这个命令：修改一下glide.yaml中的一个Package.

-package:github.com/astaxie/beego
version:1.8.3

执行glide up。

$glideup
[INFO]Downloadingdependencies.Pleasewait...
[INFO]-->Fetchingupdatesforgit.oschina.net/qiangmzsx/beegofreecache
[INFO]-->Fetchingupdatesforgithub.com/garyburd/redigo
[INFO]-->Fetchingupdatesforgithub.com/go-sql-driver/mysql
[INFO]-->Fetchingupdatesforgithub.com/astaxie/beego
[INFO]-->Fetchingupdatesforgithub.com/bitly/go-simplejson
[INFO]-->Fetchingupdatesforgithub.com/coocood/freecache
[INFO]-->Fetchingupdatesforgithub.com/smartystreets/goconvey
[INFO]-->Detectedsemanticversion.Settingversionforgithub.com/astaxie/beegotov1.8.3
[INFO]Resolvingimports
[INFO]Downloadingdependencies.Pleasewait...
[INFO]Settingreferencesforremainingimports
[INFO]Exportingresolveddependencies...
[INFO]-->Exportinggithub.com/astaxie/beego
[INFO]-->Exportinggithub.com/bitly/go-simplejson
[INFO]-->Exportinggithub.com/garyburd/redigo
[INFO]-->Exportinggithub.com/go-sql-driver/mysql
[INFO]-->Exportinggithub.com/coocood/freecache
[INFO]-->Exportinggithub.com/smartystreets/goconvey
[INFO]-->Exportinggit.oschina.net/qiangmzsx/beegofreecache
[INFO]Replacingexistingvendordependencies
[INFO]Projectrelieson6dependencies.

添加并下载依赖 (glide get)

除了自动从代码中解析 import 外，glide 还可以通过 glide get 直接下载代码中没有的依赖，与 go get 的用法基本一致：

$glidegetgithub.com/orcaman/concurrent-map
[INFO]Preparingtoinstall1package.
[INFO]Attemptingtogetpackagegithub.com/orcaman/concurrent-map
[INFO]-->Gatheringreleaseinformationforgithub.com/orcaman/concurrent-map
[INFO]-->Addinggithub.com/orcaman/concurrent-maptoyourconfiguration
[INFO]Downloadingdependencies.Pleasewait...
[INFO]-->Fetchingupdatesforgithub.com/garyburd/redigo
[INFO]-->Fetchingupdatesforgithub.com/astaxie/beego
[INFO]-->Fetchingupdatesforgithub.com/go-sql-driver/mysql
[INFO]-->Fetchingupdatesforgit.oschina.net/qiangmzsx/beegofreecache
[INFO]-->Fetchingupdatesforgithub.com/bitly/go-simplejson
[INFO]-->Fetchinggithub.com/orcaman/concurrent-map
[INFO]-->Fetchingupdatesforgithub.com/coocood/freecache
[INFO]-->Fetchingupdatesforgithub.com/smartystreets/goconvey
[INFO]Resolvingimports
[INFO]Downloadingdependencies.Pleasewait...
[INFO]-->Detectedsemanticversion.Settingversionforgithub.com/astaxie/beegotov1.8.3
[INFO]Exportingresolveddependencies...
[INFO]-->Exportinggithub.com/smartystreets/goconvey
[INFO]-->Exportinggithub.com/garyburd/redigo
[INFO]-->Exportinggithub.com/go-sql-driver/mysql
[INFO]-->Exportinggithub.com/orcaman/concurrent-map
[INFO]-->Exportinggithub.com/astaxie/beego
[INFO]-->Exportinggithub.com/bitly/go-simplejson
[INFO]-->Exportinggithub.com/coocood/freecache
[INFO]-->Exportinggit.oschina.net/qiangmzsx/beegofreecache
[INFO]Replacingexistingvendordependencies

使用镜像 (glide mirror)

[WARN]Unabletocheckoutgolang.org/x/crypto
[ERROR]Updatefailedforgolang.org/x/crypto:CannotdetectVCS
[ERROR]Failedtodoinitialcheckoutofconfig:CannotdetectVCS

这几行信息估计很多人都是遇到过的。在我天朝或者在公司内部都可能不能访问一些站点，导致很Golang的依赖包不能通过go get下载。此时也就是glide大发神威的时候到了，可以通过配置将墙了的版本库 URL 映射到没被墙的 URL，甚至也可以映射到本地版本库。将golang.org映射到github: 修改glide.yaml加入

-package:golang.org/x/crypto

如果你的网络可以访问就不需要使用glide镜像功能，可以跳过。

$glidemirrorsetgolang.org/x/cryptogithub.com/golang/crypto
[INFO]golang.org/x/cryptobeingsettogithub.com/golang/crypto
[INFO]mirrors.yamlwrittenwithchanges
$glideup
[INFO]Loadingmirrorsfrommirrors.yamlfile
[INFO]Downloadingdependencies.Pleasewait...
[INFO]-->Fetchingupdatesforgithub.com/orcaman/concurrent-map
[INFO]-->Fetchinggolang.org/x/crypto
[INFO]-->Fetchingupdatesforgithub.com/astaxie/beego
[INFO]-->Fetchingupdatesforgithub.com/go-sql-driver/mysql
[INFO]-->Fetchingupdatesforgithub.com/garyburd/redigo
[INFO]-->Fetchingupdatesforgithub.com/coocood/freecache
[INFO]-->Fetchingupdatesforgithub.com/bitly/go-simplejson
[INFO]-->Fetchingupdatesforgit.oschina.net/qiangmzsx/beegofreecache
[INFO]-->Fetchingupdatesforgithub.com/smartystreets/goconvey
[INFO]-->Detectedsemanticversion.Settingversionforgithub.com/astaxie/beegotov1.8.3
[INFO]Resolvingimports
[INFO]Downloadingdependencies.Pleasewait...
[INFO]Settingreferencesforremainingimports
[INFO]Exportingresolveddependencies...
[INFO]-->Exportinggithub.com/astaxie/beego
[INFO]-->Exportinggithub.com/coocood/freecache
[INFO]-->Exportinggithub.com/smartystreets/goconvey
[INFO]-->Exportinggithub.com/garyburd/redigo
[INFO]-->Exportinggithub.com/go-sql-driver/mysql
[INFO]-->Exportinggithub.com/bitly/go-simplejson
[INFO]-->Exportinggithub.com/orcaman/concurrent-map
[INFO]-->Exportinggolang.org/x/crypto
[INFO]-->Exportinggit.oschina.net/qiangmzsx/beegofreecache
[INFO]Replacingexistingvendordependencies
[INFO]Projectrelieson8dependencies.
$llvendor/
git.oschina.net
github.com
golang.org

终于看到golang.org啦！！！细心的你一定已经发现了

[INFO]mirrors.yamlwrittenwithchanges

说明执行glide mirror时候镜像配置写入到的是$HOME/.glide/mirrors.yaml中，打开看看。

repos:
-original:golang.org/x/crypto
repo:github.com/golang/crypto

还可以映射到本地目录。推荐大家可以去https://www.golangtc.com/download/package下载很多Golang类库。现在我去下载了：https://www.golangtc.com/static/download/packages/golang.org.x.text.tar.gz，解压到本地目录/home/users/qiangmzsx/var/golang/golang.org/x/text。

$glidemirrorsetgolang.org/x/text/home/users/qiangmzsx/var/golang/golang.org/x/text
[INFO]golang.org/x/textbeingsetto/home/users/qiangmzsx/var/golang/golang.org/x/text
[INFO]mirrors.yamlwrittenwithchanges
$glideup
[INFO]Loadingmirrorsfrommirrors.yamlfile
[INFO]Downloadingdependencies.Pleasewait...
[INFO]-->Fetchinggolang.org/x/text
[INFO]-->Fetchingupdatesforgithub.com/garyburd/redigo
[INFO]-->Fetchingupdatesforgit.oschina.net/qiangmzsx/beegofreecache
[INFO]-->Fetchingupdatesforgithub.com/astaxie/beego
[INFO]-->Fetchingupdatesforgithub.com/bitly/go-simplejson
[INFO]-->Fetchingupdatesforgithub.com/go-sql-driver/mysql
[INFO]-->Fetchingupdatesforgithub.com/coocood/freecache
[INFO]-->Fetchingupdatesforgithub.com/orcaman/concurrent-map
[INFO]-->Fetchingupdatesforgolang.org/x/crypto
[INFO]-->Fetchingupdatesforgithub.com/smartystreets/goconvey
[INFO]-->Detectedsemanticversion.Settingversionforgithub.com/astaxie/beegotov1.8.3
[INFO]Resolvingimports
[INFO]Downloadingdependencies.Pleasewait...
[INFO]Settingreferencesforremainingimports
[INFO]Exportingresolveddependencies...
[INFO]-->Exportinggithub.com/astaxie/beego
[INFO]-->Exportinggithub.com/go-sql-driver/mysql
[INFO]-->Exportinggithub.com/bitly/go-simplejson
[INFO]-->Exportinggithub.com/coocood/freecache
[INFO]-->Exportinggithub.com/smartystreets/goconvey
[INFO]-->Exportinggithub.com/garyburd/redigo
[INFO]-->Exportinggithub.com/orcaman/concurrent-map
[INFO]-->Exportinggolang.org/x/text
[INFO]-->Exportinggolang.org/x/crypto
[INFO]-->Exportinggit.oschina.net/qiangmzsx/beegofreecache
[INFO]Replacingexistingvendordependencies
[INFO]Projectrelieson9dependencies.

全局选项

运行glide，在最后就可以看到

GLOBALOPTIONS:
--yamlvalue,-vprinttheversion

如果大家想把glide的yaml文件换别的默认名称可以执行

$glide-yqiangmzsx.yaml

在官网中会看到一个GLIDE_HOME变量，该变量就是/home/users/qiangmzsx/.glide。这个目录之前有提到过，除了包含有mirrors.yaml还有一个很重要的目录cache本地 cache,每次更新代码时， glide 都会在本地保存 cache，以备下次 glide install 使用。

GLIDE_HOME可以通过如下命令修改。

$glide--home/home/glide

总结

除了上述说到的功能，glide还有很多好的功能，后续有机会在写出来吧。
总结一下，glide是一款功能丰富，完全满足需求的依赖管理工具，强烈大家使用。

（编辑：李大同）

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