Bash学习笔记(4)----流程控制与函数
Bash学习笔记(4)—-流程控制与函数流程控制一、if else和Java、PHP等语言不一样,sh的流程控制不可为空 在sh/bash里可不能这么写,如果else分支没有语句执行,就不要写这个else。 if else 1.ifif 语句语法格式: if condition
then
command1
command2
...
commandN
fi
2.if elseif else 语法格式: if condition
then
command1
command2
...
commandN
else
command
fi
if else-if else if else-if else 语法格式: if condition1
then
command1
elif condition2
then
command2
else
commandN
fi
以下实例判断两个变量是否相等: a=10
b=20
if [ $a == $b ]
then
echo "a == b"
elif [ $a -gt $b ]
then
echo "a > b"
elif [ $a -lt $b ]
then
echo "a < b"
else
echo "Ineligible"
fi
输出结果: a < b if else语句经常与test命令结合使用 num1=$[2*3]
num2=$[1+5]
if test $[num1] -eq $[num2]
then
echo 'Two numbers are equal!'
else
echo 'The two numbers are not equal!'
fi
输出结果: Two numbers are equal! 二、for 循环for循环一般格式为: for var in item1 item2 ... itemN
do
command1
command2
...
commandN
done
例如,顺序输出当前列表中的数字: for loop in 1 2 3 4 5
do
echo "The value is: $loop"
done
输出结果: The value is: 1
The value is: 2
The value is: 3
The value is: 4
The value is: 5
顺序输出字符串中的字符: for str in This is a string
do
echo $str
done
输出结果: This is a string 三、while 语句while循环用于不断执行一系列命令,也用于从输入文件中读取数据;命令通常为测试条件。其格式为: while condition
do
command
done
#!/bin/sh
int=1
while(( $int<=5 ))
do
echo $int
let "int++"
done
运行脚本,输出: 1
2
3
4
5
while循环可用于读取键盘信息。下面的例子中,输入信息被设置为变量MAN,按结束循环。 echo 'press <CTRL-D> exit'
echo -n 'Who do you think is the most handsome: '
while read MAN
do
echo "Yes!$MAN is really handsome"
done
四、无限循环无限循环语法格式: while :
do
command
done
或者
while true
do
command
done
或者 for (( ; ; ))
五、until 循环until循环执行一系列命令直至条件为真时停止。 until循环与while循环在处理方式上刚好相反。 一般while循环优于until循环,但在某些时候—也只是极少数情况下,until循环更加有用。 until 语法格式: until condition
do
command
done
条件可为任意测试条件,测试发生在循环末尾,因此循环至少执行一次—请注意这一点。 六、caseShell case语句为多选择语句。可以用case语句匹配一个值与一个模式,如果匹配成功,执行相匹配的命令。case语句格式如下: case 值 in
模式1)
command1
command2
...
commandN
;;
模式2)
command1
command2
...
commandN
;;
esac
下面的脚本提示输入1到4,与每一种模式进行匹配: echo 'Enter a number between 1 and 4:'
echo 'The number you entered is:'
read aNum
case $aNum in
1) echo 'You have chosen 1'
;;
2) echo 'You have chosen 2'
;;
3) echo 'You have chosen 3'
;;
4) echo 'You have chosen 4'
;;
*) echo 'You did not enter a number between 1 and 4'
;;
esac
输入不同的内容,会有不同的结果,例如: Enter a number between 1 and 4:
The number you entered is:
3
You have chosen 3
七、跳出循环在循环过程中,有时候需要在未达到循环结束条件时强制跳出循环,Shell使用两个命令来实现该功能:break和continue。 break命令 break命令允许跳出所有循环(终止执行后面的所有循环)。 下面的例子中,脚本进入死循环直至用户输入数字大于5。要跳出这个循环,返回到shell提示符下,需要使用break命令。 #!/bin/bash
while :
do
echo -n "Enter a number between 1 and 5:"
read aNum
case $aNum in
1|2|3|4|5) echo "The number you entered is $aNum!"
;;
*) echo "The number you entered is not between 1 and 5! game over!"
break
;;
esac
done
执行以上代码,输出结果为: Enter a number between 1 and 5:3
The number you entered is 3!
Enter a number between 1 and 5:7
The number you entered is not between 1 and 5! game over!
八、continuecontinue命令与break命令类似,只有一点差别,它不会跳出所有循环,仅仅跳出当前循环。 对上面的例子进行修改: #!/bin/bash
while :
do
echo -n "Enter a number between 1 and 5: "
read aNum
case $aNum in
1|2|3|4|5) echo "The number you entered is $aNum!"
;;
*) echo "The number you entered is not between 1 and 5!"
continue
echo "game over"
;;
esac
done
运行代码发现,当输入大于5的数字时,该例中的循环不会结束,语句 echo “Game is over!” 永远不会被执行。 九、esaccase的语法和C family语言差别很大,它需要一个esac(就是case反过来)作为结束标记,每个case分支用右圆括号,用两个分号表示break。 函数一、函数定义shell中函数的定义格式如下: [ function ] funname [()]
{
action;
[return int;]
}
说明:
下面的例子定义了一个函数并进行调用: #!/bin/bash
demoFun(){
echo "This is my first shell function!"
}
echo "-----Execution-----"
demoFun
echo "-----Finished-----"
Output the result:
-----Execution-----
This is my first shell function!
-----Finished-----
下面定义一个带有return语句的函数: #!/bin/bash
funWithReturn(){
echo "This function will add the two numbers of the input..."
echo "Enter the first number: "
read aNum
echo "Enter the second number: "
read anotherNum
echo "The two numbers are $aNum and $anotherNum !"
return $(($aNum+$anotherNum))
}
funWithReturn
echo "The sum of the two numbers entered is $? !"
输出类似下面: This function will add the two numbers of the input...
Enter the first number:
1
Enter the second number:
2
The two numbers are 1 and 2 !
The sum of the two numbers entered is 3 !
二、函数参数在Shell中,调用函数时可以向其传递参数。在函数体内部,通过 1表示第一个参数,$2表示第二个参数… 带参数的函数示例: #!/bin/bash
funWithParam(){
echo "The first parameter is $1 !"
echo "The second parameter is $2 !"
echo "The tenth parameter is $10 !"
echo "The tenth parameter is ${10} !"
echo "The eleventh parameter is ${11} !"
echo "The total number of parameters is $# !"
echo "Outputs all parameters as a string $* !"
}
funWithParam 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 34 73
输出结果: The first parameter is 1 !
The second parameter is 2 !
The tenth parameter is 10 !
The tenth parameter is 34 !
The eleventh parameter is 73 !
The total number of parameters is 11 !
Outputs all parameters as a string 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 34 73 !
注意
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