我如何组织我的Java代码？

我是java和OOP(面向对象编程)的初学者,我真的想学习如何更好地组织我的代码！在一两个月的时间里,我制作了一个计算器程序,其功能很少,我想到这里有一些小的笑话.在第二次看到它后,我意识到它的格式非常糟糕,几乎无法理解.如果可以,我想请一些更有经验的程序员指出我应该做些什么来解决它(例如,我可以将什么东西变成对象,我可以在哪里划分,等等.

请注意,这是我第一次在这样的论坛上发帖,所以如果我需要澄清一些东西给你帮助我,我做错了什么,我要求太多,请告诉我,这样我就可以解决它我可以得到帮助请不要只是将其标记为无效并将其归档为遗忘(通常在stackoverflow中发生).此外,在任何人问之前,不,这不是家庭作业,它是我自己的教学自己java的产物(可能为什么它不能很好地工作).

这是源代码：

// This is the original Calculator code without objects in a single class. not really efficient...
package randomClasses;
import java.awt.*;
import java.awt.event.*;
import java.text.DecimalFormat;
import javax.swing.*;

@SuppressWarnings("serial")
public class CalcClass
        extends JFrame
        implements ActionListener {
    JPanel[] row = new JPanel[6];
    JButton[] button = new JButton[21];
    String[] buttonString = {"7","8","9","+","4","5","6","-","1","2","3","*",".","/","C","v","+/-","=","0","Parabola","x^y"};
    int[] dimW = {300,45,100,90,180};
    int[] dimH = {35,40};
    Dimension displayDimension = new Dimension(dimW[0],dimH[0]);
    Dimension regularDimension = new Dimension(dimW[1],dimH[1]);
    Dimension rColumnDimension = new Dimension(dimW[2],dimH[1]);
    Dimension zeroButDimension = new Dimension(dimW[3],dimH[1]);
    Dimension parabolaDimension = new Dimension(dimW[4],dimH[0]);
    //formatting variables
    int var = 0;
    double x = 0;
    String stor = "";
    boolean initial = true;
    //variables for Parabola function
    int countEquals_parab = 0;
    double Angle = 0;
    double Vi = 0;
    double Vx = 0;
    double Vy = 0;
    double T_max = 0;
    double Y_displ = 0;
    double X_displ = 0;
    double h = 0;
    double k = 0;
    double a_parab = 0;
    boolean parabComplete = true;
    boolean parabola = false;
    DecimalFormat df = new DecimalFormat("#######.#####");
    //variables for addressing illegal typing issues
    boolean typeNum = true;
    boolean typeDot = true;
    JFrame frame; //for parabolaInstructions
    //original calculator variables
    boolean[] function = new boolean[5];
    double[] temporary = {0,0}; //store on screen values
    double result = 0; //store result
    public JTextArea display = new JTextArea(1,20);
    Font font = new Font("Times new Roman",Font.BOLD,14);

    CalcClass() {
        super("CalcClass");
        setDesign();
        setSize(380,300);
        setResizable(false);
        setDefaultCloSEOperation(EXIT_ON_CLOSE);
        GridLayout grid = new GridLayout(6,5);
        setLayout(grid);
        for(int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
            function[i] = false;
        }
        FlowLayout f1 = new FlowLayout(FlowLayout.CENTER);
        FlowLayout f2 = new FlowLayout(FlowLayout.CENTER,1,1);
        for(int i = 0; i < 6; i++) {
            row[i] = new JPanel();
        }
        row[0].setLayout(f1);
        for(int i = 1; i < 6; i++) {
            row[i].setLayout(f2);
        }
        for(int i = 0; i < 21; i++) {
            button[i] = new JButton();
            button[i].setText(buttonString[i]);
            button[i].setFont(font);
            button[i].addActionListener(this);
        }
        display.setFont(font);
        display.setEditable(false);
        display.setPreferredSize(displayDimension);
        for(int i = 0; i < 14; i++) {
            button[i].setPreferredSize(regularDimension);
        }
        for(int i = 14; i < 18; i++) {
            button[i].setPreferredSize(rColumnDimension);
        }
        button[18].setPreferredSize(zeroButDimension);
        button[19].setPreferredSize(parabolaDimension);
        button[20].setPreferredSize(rColumnDimension);
        row[0].add(display);
        add(row[0]);
        for(int i = 0; i < 4; i++) {
            row[1].add(button[i]);
        }
        row[1].add(button[14]);
        add(row[1]);
        for(int i = 4; i < 8; i++) {
            row[2].add(button[i]);
        }
        row[2].add(button[15]);
        add(row[2]);
        for(int i = 8; i < 12; i++) {
            row[3].add(button[i]);
        }
        row[3].add(button[16]);
        add(row[3]);
        row[4].add(button[18]);
        for(int i = 12; i < 14; i++) {
            row[4].add(button[i]);
        }
        row[4].add(button[17]);
        add(row[4]);
        row[5].add(button[19]);
        row[5].add(button[20]);
        add(row[5]);
        setVisible(true);
    }

    public void getSqrt() {
        stor = "";
        initial = true;
        try {
            double value = Double.parseDouble(display.getText());
            if(value == -100) {
                format("John's Girlfriend");
            } else {
                value = Math.sqrt(Double.parseDouble(display.getText())); //create a value for variable,and use Maths square root to find the value
                format(Double.toString(value)); //Sets display to new value
            }
        } catch(NumberFormatException e) {
        }
        typeDot = false;
        typeNum = false;
    }

    public void getPosNeg() {
        stor = "";
        initial = true;
        try {
            double value = Double.parseDouble(display.getText()); //again creating a variable for current value
            if(value != 0) { //if value is not equal to zero
                value = (-1) * value; //multiplied by -1 to change the sign
                format(Double.toString(value)); //Sets display to new value
            } else {
            }
        } catch(NumberFormatException e) {
        }
    }

    public void getResult() {
        temporary[1] = Double.parseDouble(display.getText());
        String temp0 = Double.toString(temporary[0]);
        String temp1 = Double.toString(temporary[1]);
        try {
            if(temp0.contains("-")) {
                String[] temp00 = temp0.split("-",2);
                temporary[0] = (Double.parseDouble(temp00[1]) * -1);
            }
            if(temp1.contains("-")) {
                String[] temp11 = temp1.split("-",2);
                temporary[1] = (Double.parseDouble(temp11[1]) * -1);
            }
        } catch(ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException e) {
        }
        try {
            functions();
            clear();
            format(Double.toString(result));//display has a result
            for(int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
                function[i] = false; //set all functions to false
            }
        } catch(NumberFormatException e) {
        }
        typeNum = false;
    }

    public void functions() {
        if(function[2] == true) { //multiplication 
            result = temporary[0] * temporary[1];
        } else if(function[3] == true) { //division
            result = temporary[0] / temporary[1];
        } else if(function[0] == true) { //addition
            result = temporary[0] + temporary[1];
        } else if(function[1] == true) { //subtraction;
            result = temporary[0] - temporary[1];
        } else if(function[4] == true) {
            result = Math.pow(temporary[0],temporary[1]);
        } else {
            result = temporary[1];
        }
    }

    double a_quadratic = 0;
    double b = 0;
    double c = 0;
    double x1 = 0;
    double x2 = 0;
    double discr = 0;
    int countEquals_quadratic = 0;

    public void quadraticFormula() {
        if(countEquals_parab == 0) {
            a_quadratic = Double.parseDouble(display.getText());
            clear();
            display.setText("b = ");
        }
        if(countEquals_parab == 1) {
            b = Double.parseDouble(display.getText());
            display.setText("c = ");
        }
        if(countEquals_parab == 2) {
            c = Double.parseDouble(display.getText());
            discr = (Math.pow(b,2) - 4 * a_quadratic * c); //stores the value of the discriminant
            if(discr >= 0) {
                x1 = (-b + Math.sqrt(b * b - 4 * a_quadratic * c)) / (2 * a_quadratic);
                x2 = (-b - Math.sqrt(b * b - 4 * a_quadratic * c)) / (2 * a_quadratic);
            }
        }
    }

    public void parabolaButton() {
        double G = 9.81;
        if(countEquals_parab == 0) {
            Vi = Double.parseDouble(display.getText());
            clear();
            display.setText("Angle of release: ");
        }
        if(countEquals_parab == 1) {
            Angle = Double.parseDouble(display.getText());
            if((Angle > 90.0) || (Angle < 0.0)) {
                display.setText("Sorry,not a valid angle");
                countEquals_parab = 3;
            } else {
                Angle = (Math.PI / 180.0) * Angle;  //converting degrees into radians
                Vx = Vi * Math.cos(Angle); //Calculating x component
                Vy = Vi * Math.sin(Angle); //Calculating y component
                //Finding time
                T_max = Vy / G; //time to max height
                //Calculating vertex coordinates
                Y_displ = (Vy * Vy / (2 * G));
                X_displ = Vx * T_max;
                //finding a
                a_parab = (-Y_displ) / (X_displ * X_displ);
                display.setText("The equation of the parabola is ny = " + df.format(a_parab) + "(x - " + df
                        .format(h) + ")^2 + " + df.format(k));
            }
        }
        if(countEquals_parab == 2) {
            display.setText("Time to get to max height = " + df.format(T_max));
        }
        if(countEquals_parab == 3) {
            clearFunction();
            countEquals_parab = -1;
            parabola = false;
            parabComplete = true;
        }
        countEquals_parab++;
    }

    public void var() {
        var++;
        if(var > 8) {
            var = 1;
        }
        if(var == 1) {
            format("x");
        }
    }

    public final void setDesign() {
        try {
            UIManager.setLookAndFeel("com.sun.java.swing.plaf.nimbus.NimbusLookAndFeel");
        } catch(Exception e) {
        }
    }

    public void format(String get) {
        //get stores the incoming values temporarily
        //get is transferred to a new value for permanent storage
        //print the permanent storage value
        //new number is added,stored temporarily in get
        //get is added to permanent storage
        //print permanent storage value
        double spaceFix = 0;
        if(initial == true) {
            stor = get;
            initial = false;
        } else if(initial == false) {
            stor = stor + get;
        }
        spaceFix = stor.length() / 4;
        int numberOfSpaces = 56 - stor.length() + (int) spaceFix;
        String format = String.format("%" + numberOfSpaces + "s",stor);
        display.setText(format);
    }

    @Override
    public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent ae) {
        if(ae.getSource() == button[0]) {
            numberButtons("7");
        }
        if(ae.getSource() == button[1]) {
            numberButtons("8");
        }
        if(ae.getSource() == button[2]) {
            numberButtons("9");
        }
        if(ae.getSource() == button[3]) {
            operatorButtons(0); //add function[0]
        }
        if(ae.getSource() == button[4]) {
            numberButtons("4");
        }
        if(ae.getSource() == button[5]) {
            numberButtons("5");
        }
        if(ae.getSource() == button[6]) {
            numberButtons("6");
        }
        if(ae.getSource() == button[7]) {
            operatorButtons(1); //subtract function[1]
        }
        if(ae.getSource() == button[8]) {
            numberButtons("1");
        }
        if(ae.getSource() == button[9]) {
            numberButtons("2");
        }
        if(ae.getSource() == button[10]) {
            numberButtons("3");
        }
        if(ae.getSource() == button[11]) {
            operatorButtons(2); //multiplication function[2]
        }
        if(ae.getSource() == button[12]) {
            if(typeDot == false) {
            } else {
                numberButtons(".");
                typeDot = false;
            }
        }
        if(ae.getSource() == button[13]) {
            operatorButtons(3); //divide function[3]
        }
        if(ae.getSource() == button[14]) {
            clearFunction();
            parabola = false;
            parabComplete = true;
        }
        if(ae.getSource() == button[15]) {
            getSqrt();
        }
        if(ae.getSource() == button[16]) {
            getPosNeg();
        }
        if((ae.getSource() == button[17]) && display.getText().equals("")) {
        } else if((ae.getSource() == button[17]) && (parabola == false)) {
            getResult();
        } else if((ae.getSource() == button[17]) && (parabola == true)) {
            parabolaButton();
        }
        if(ae.getSource() == button[18]) {
            numberButtons("0");
        }
        if(ae.getSource() == button[19]) {
            clearFunction();
            parabolaInstructions();
            parabola = true;
            parabComplete = false;
            display.setText("Initial velocity: ");
        }
        if(ae.getSource() == button[20]) {
            operatorButtons(4);//powerFunction();
        }
    }

    public void parabolaInstructions() {
        //Create the dialog.
        final JDialog dialog = new JDialog(frame,"How to use the Parabola function");
        //Add contents to it. It must have a close button,//since some L&Fs (notably Java/Metal) don't provide one
        //in the window decorations for dialogs.
        JLabel label = new JLabel("<html><p align=center>" + "Step 1:  Type in the initial velocity and press the "=" button<br>" + "Step 2:  Type in the angle of Release (make sure that it is between 0 and 90)<br>" + "Step 3:  Press the "=" button to scroll through the results<br>" + "Step 4:  Profit");
        label.setHorizontalAlignment(JLabel.CENTER);
        Font font = label.getFont();
        label.setFont(label.getFont().deriveFont(font.PLAIN,14.0f));
        JButton closeButton = new JButton("Ok");
        closeButton.addActionListener(new ActionListener() {
            public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) {
                dialog.setVisible(false);
                dialog.dispose();
            }
        });
        JPanel closePanel = new JPanel();
        closePanel.setLayout(new BoxLayout(closePanel,BoxLayout.LINE_AXIS));
        closePanel.add(Box.createHorizontalGlue());
        closePanel.add(closeButton);
        closePanel.setBorder(BorderFactory.
                createEmptyBorder(0,5,5));
        JPanel contentPane = new JPanel(new BorderLayout());
        contentPane.add(label,BorderLayout.CENTER);
        contentPane.add(closePanel,BorderLayout.PAGE_END);
        contentPane.setOpaque(true);
        dialog.setContentPane(contentPane);
        //Show it.
        dialog.setSize(new Dimension(400,200));
        dialog.setLocationRelativeTo(frame);
        dialog.setVisible(true);
    }

    public void numberButtons(String i) {
        if(typeNum == false) {
            display.setText("");
            format(i);
        } else {
            format(i);
        }
        typeNum = true;
    }

    public void operatorButtons(int funct) {
        if(display.getText().equals("")) {
        } else {
            temporary[0] = Double.parseDouble(display.getText());
            function[funct] = true;
            clear();
        }
    }

    public void clearFunction() {
        clear();
        try {
            for(int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
                function[i] = false;
            }
            for(int i = 0; i < 2; i++) {
                temporary[i] = 0;
            }
        } catch(NullPointerException e) {
        }
        //For parabola()
        Vi = 0;
        Vx = 0;
        Vy = 0;
        T_max = 0;
        Y_displ = 0;
        X_displ = 0;
        h = 0;
        k = 0;
        a_parab = 0;
    }

    public void clear() {
        display.setText("");
        stor = "";
        typeDot = true;
        initial = true;
    }

    public static void main(String[] arguments) {
        CalcClass c = new CalcClass();
    }
}

好吧,所以现在你已经看到了我的混乱…我知道我应该做什么,是的,我做了一些研究,但我觉得通过示例学习组织或者比通过阅读更好的推动会更容易这些文章告诉你什么是对象的超假设或松散类似的例子.注意：我尝试使用方法进行组织,我的类看起来比它做的要好得多(我还把整个事情做成了一个在底部被调用的对象,这几乎没用).