MYSQL教程MySQL 5.7 学习心得之安全相关特性

直接创建用户的时候设置：MYSQL教程

create user dxy@localhost identified by '123456' password expire interval 10 day; ---- 10天后过期

对已有用户设置MYSQL教程

alter user zjy@localhost password expire never; ----永不过期

注意：设置一个用户过期后,登陆会有提示修改密码,不能进行任何操作：适用让程序不能访问数据库.
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设置用户密码过期：MYSQL教程

alter user dxy@localhost password expire;

执行任何命令报错：MYSQL教程

ERROR 1820 (HY000): You must reset your password using ALTER USER statement before executing this statement.

解决办法：重置密码 alter user dxy@localhost identified by '123456';MYSQL教程

1.3：锁定禁用用户 alter user
MYSQL教程

当某些场景需要"锁"住用户,暂时禁用某个用户：适用让程序不能访问数据库.MYSQL教程

设置锁定用户：MYSQL教程

alter user dxy@localhost account lock;

登陆报错：MYSQL教程

ERROR 3118 (HY000): Access denied for user 'dxy'@'localhost'. Account is locked.

解决办法：解锁用户MYSQL教程

alter user dxy@localhost account unlock;

1.4 代理用户
MYSQL教程

基于mysql_native_password的认证插件自带了代理用户的功能.代理用户相当于“代理”其他用户的权限,这样很方便的把一个账号的权限授予其他账号,而不需要每个账号都需要执行授权操作.开启代理用户的功能需要开启参数：check_proxy_users 和 mysql_native_password_proxy_users
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创建原始账号：MYSQL教程

create user dxy@127.0.0.1 identified by '123456';

授权：MYSQL教程

grant all on test.* to dxy@127.0.0.1;

创建代理账号：MYSQL教程

create user dxy_proxy@127.0.0.1 identified by '123456';

授权代理权限：MYSQL教程

grant proxy on dxy@127.0.0.1 to dxy_proxy@127.0.0.1;

查看：MYSQL教程

show grants for dxy_proxy@127.0.0.1;
+-------------------------------------------------------------+
| GRANT USAGE ON *.* TO 'dxy_proxy'@'127.0.0.1' |
| GRANT PROXY ON 'dxy'@'127.0.0.1' TO 'dxy_proxy'@'127.0.0.1' |
+-------------------------------------------------------------+

用代理账号登陆测试：MYSQL教程

查看登陆账号：代理账号current_user(),原始账号user()MYSQL教程

select user(),current_user();
+---------------------+----------------+
| user() | current_user() |
+---------------------+----------------+
| dxy_proxy@127.0.0.1 | dxy@127.0.0.1 |
+---------------------+----------------+

查看权限：发现代理账号的权限显示的是原始账号的权限MYSQL教程

show grants;+-------------------------------------------------------+ +-------------------------------------------------------+
| GRANT USAGE ON *.* TO 'dxy'@'127.0.0.1' |
| GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON `test`.* TO 'dxy'@'127.0.0.1' |
+-------------------------------------------------------+

验证代理账号是否有test库的权限：MYSQL教程

mysql> show databases;
+--------------------+
| Database |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| test |
+--------------------+
mysql> use test
mysql> show tables;
+----------------+
| Tables_in_test |
+----------------+
| tttt |
+----------------+
mysql> select * from tttt; +------+
| id |
+------+
| 1 |
| 100 |
+------+
mysql> insert into tttt values(2),(200);
mysql> select * from tttt;
+------+
| id |
+------+
| 1 |
| 100 |
| 2 |
| 200 |
+------+

验证得出代理账号(dxy_proxy)代理了原始账号(dxy)的权限.
MYSQL教程

1.5：其他选项：SSL、MAX_QUERIES_PER_HOUR、MAX_UPDATES_PER_HOUR、MAX_CONNECTIONS_PER_HOUR、MAX_USER_CONNECTIONS.当需要限制账号通过ssl登陆,需要添加require,当需要限制资源,需要添加with：
MYSQL教程

create user dxy@localhost identified by '123456' require SSL with MAX_QUERIES_PER_HOUR 100 MAX_USER_CONNECTIONS 100 password expire never account unlock;

2,外部相关的安全
MYSQL教程

2.1：MySQL5.7已经删除了test数据库,默认安装完后是没有test数据库,原先任何用户都可以访问test数据库,增加安全隐患.
MYSQL教程

2.2：MySQL5.7提供了更为简单SSL安全访问配置,并且默认连接就采用SSL的加密方式.在5.7之前,生成SSL相关文件需要自己手动创建,可以查看这篇文章,5.7之后MySQL通过
MYSQL教程

mysql_ssl_rsa_setup可以直接生成了：MYSQL教程

root@t20:~# mysql_ssl_rsa_setup 
Generating a 2048 bit RSA private key
.................................+++
....................+++
writing new private key to 'ca-key.pem'
-----
Generating a 2048 bit RSA private key
......+++
..............................+++
writing new private key to 'server-key.pem'
-----
Generating a 2048 bit RSA private key
.........................................................................................+++
..+++
writing new private key to 'client-key.pem'
-----

可以在数据目录下面看到一些以pem结尾的文件,而这些文件就是开启SSL连接所需要的文件(注意文件权限),之后用账号
MYSQL教程

默认登陆：MYSQL教程

root@t20:/var/lib/mysql# mysql -udba -p -h127.0.0.1
Enter password: 
mysql> s
--------------
mysql Ver 14.14 Distrib 5.7.12,for Linux (x86_64) using EditLine wrapper
Connection id: 4
Current database: 
Current user: dba@localhost
SSL: Cipher in use is DHE-RSA-AES256-SHA
...
...

强制ssl登陆：MYSQL教程

root@t20:~# mysql -udba -p -h127.0.0.1 --ssl=1 
WARNING: --ssl is deprecated and will be removed in a future version. Use --ssl-mode instead.
Enter password: 
mysql> s
--------------
mysql Ver 14.14 Distrib 5.7.12,for Linux (x86_64) using EditLine wrapper
Connection id: 10
Current database: 
Current user: dba@localhost
SSL: Cipher in use is DHE-RSA-AES256-SHA
...
...

从上面看到均已ssl登陆,若在创建用户时,希望该用户每次必须通过SSL方式,则需在创建用户通过REQUIRE SSL来进行设置,上面已经介绍.姜承尧文章中的测试案例显示开启SSL性能开销在25%左右：MySQL的SSL加密连接与性能开销
MYSQL教程

2.3：MySQL5.7开始建议用户使用 mysqld --initialize来初始化数据库,放弃之前的mysql_install_db的方式,新的方式只创建了一个root@localhost的用户,随机密码保存在~/.mysql_secret文件中,第一次使用必须reset password.
MYSQL教程

初始化数据库：新建实例.MYSQL教程

mysqld --initialize --datadir=/var/lib/mysql3309/MYSQL教程

2.4：MySQL5.7 sql_mode的变更,
MYSQL教程

5.7默认的sql_mode
MYSQL教程

select @@sql_mode;
ONLY_FULL_GROUP_BY,STRICT_TRANS_TABLES,NO_ZERO_IN_DATE,NO_ZERO_DATE,ERROR_FOR_DIVISION_BY_ZERO,NO_AUTO_CREATE_USER,NO_ENGINE_SUBSTITUTIONMYSQL教程

5.7之前默认的sql_mode
MYSQL教程

select @@sql_mode;
NO_ENGINE_SUBSTITUTIONMYSQL教程

看到在5.7中sql_mode更加严格.解释下各个mode的含义：
MYSQL教程

在默认情况下5.7的情况：
MYSQL教程

----对于datetime类型<NO_ZERO_DATE>：
插入"0000-00-00 00:00:00"值,会报错：Incorrect datetime value
----对于varchar/char类型<STRICT_TRANS_TABLES>：
插入字符串超出长度,会报错： Data too long for column...
----对于not null的列<STRICT_TRANS_TABLES>：
插入不指定not null的列会报错：Field 'xxx' doesn't have a default value ' 
----对于grant<NO_AUTO_CREATE_USER>：
授权一个用户,不指定密码会报错：Can't find any matching row in the user table '
----对于engine存储引擎<NO_ENGINE_SUBSTITUTION>：
创建一个不支持的存储引擎,不会转换为默认的存储引擎,直接报错：Unknown storage engine ... Using storage engine InnoDB for table '...'

注意：在一个主从环境下,为保证数据的一致性,一定要设置主从的sql_mode一样,在数据迁移的时候也要保证sql_mode的一致,不然复制和迁移遇到上面的限制均会失败,所以尽可能使用标准SQL语法.
MYSQL教程

3,总结：
MYSQL教程

在MySQL 5.7中,有不少安全性相关的改进：创建账号分2步：用create user来建立账号(账号长度加大),用grant 来授权；初始数据库的时候密码不为空；账号可以锁和可以设置密码过期；test库被删除；默认提供ssl连接；sql_mode增强等.文章从这些方面进行了介绍和测试,进一步加深对MySQL5.7的认识.
MYSQL教程

以上所述是小编给大家介绍的MySQL 5.7 学习心得之安全相关特性,希望对大家有所帮助,如果大家有任何疑问请给我留言,小编会及时回复大家的.在此也非常感谢大家对编程之家PHP网站的支持!MYSQL教程

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grant all on *.* to dxy@localhost identified by 'dxy';
Query OK,0 rows affected,1 warnings (0.00 sec)
show warnings; +---------+------+---------------------------------------------------------------+
| Level | Code | Message |
+---------+------+---------------------------------------------------------------+
| Warning | 1287 | Using GRANT for creating new user is deprecated and will be removed in future release. Create new user with CREATE USER statement. |
+---------+------+---------------------------------------------------------------+
2 rows in set (0.01 sec)

#明文密码创建
CREATE USER 'dxy'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED BY '123456';等同
CREATE USER 'dxy'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED WITH 'mysql_native_password' BY '123456';
#加密密码创建
CREATE USER 'dxy'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED BY PASSWORD '*6BB4837EB74329105EE4568DDA7DC67ED2CA2AD9'; --will be removed in a future release等同
CREATE USER 'dxy'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED WITH 'mysql_native_password' AS '*6BB4837EB74329105EE4568DDA7DC67ED2CA2AD9';

grant select,insert,update,delete on dba_test.* to dxy@localhost;

查看默认管理用户权限：
show grants for root@localhost; ----2条记录 +---------------------------------------------------------------------+ |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------+
| GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON *.* TO 'root'@'localhost' WITH GRANT OPTION |
| GRANT PROXY ON ''@'' TO 'root'@'localhost' WITH GRANT OPTION |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------+
新建管理账号：
create user dba@127.0.0.1 identified by '123456';
授权：
GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON *.* TO 'root'@'127.0.0.1' WITH GRANT OPTION;
授proxy权：创建代理用户的时候需要
GRANT PROXY ON ''@'' TO 'dba'@'127.0.0.1' WITH GRANT OPTION;
查看：
show grants for 'dba'@'127.0.0.1';
+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
| GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON *.* TO 'dba'@'127.0.0.1' WITH GRANT OPTION |
| GRANT PROXY ON ''@'' TO 'dba'@'127.0.0.1' WITH GRANT OPTION |
+--------------------------------------------------------------------+

show grants for dxy@localhost;
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Grants for dxy@localhost |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| GRANT USAGE ON *.* TO 'dxy'@'localhost' |
| GRANT SELECT,INSERT,UPDATE,DELETE ON `dba_test`.* TO 'dxy'@'localhost' |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+

show create user dxy@localhost;
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| CREATE USER 'dxy'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED WITH 'mysql_native_password' AS '*6BB4837EB74329105EE4568DDA7DC67ED2CA2AD9' REQUIRE NONE PASSWORD EXPIRE DEFAULT ACCOUNT UNLOCK |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+