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Mysql应用MySQL隐式类型的转换陷阱和规则

发布时间:2020-12-12 01:08:01 所属栏目:MySql教程 来源:网络整理
导读:《Mysql应用MySQL隐式类型的转换陷阱和规则》要点: 本文介绍了Mysql应用MySQL隐式类型的转换陷阱和规则,希望对您有用。如果有疑问,可以联系我们。 MYSQL必读 前言 MYSQL必读 相信大家都知道隐式类型转换有无法命中索引的风险,在高并发、大数据量的情况下,

《Mysql应用MySQL隐式类型的转换陷阱和规则》要点:
本文介绍了Mysql应用MySQL隐式类型的转换陷阱和规则,希望对您有用。如果有疑问,可以联系我们。

MYSQL必读前言

MYSQL必读相信大家都知道隐式类型转换有无法命中索引的风险,在高并发、大数据量的情况下,命不中索引带来的后果非常严重.将数据库拖死,继而整个系统崩溃,对于大规模系统损失惨重.所以下面通过本文来好好学习下MySQL隐式类型的转换陷阱和规则.

MYSQL必读1. 隐式类型转换实例

MYSQL必读今天生产库上突然出现MySQL线程数告警,IOPS很高,实例会话里面出现许多类似下面的sql:(修改了相关字段和值)

MYSQL必读
SELECT f_col3_id,f_qq1_id FROM d_dbname.t_tb1 WHERE f_col1_id=1226391 and f_col2_id=1244378 and 
f_qq1_id in (12345,23456,34567,45678,56789,67890,78901,89012,90123,901231,901232,901233)

MYSQL必读用 explain 看了下扫描行数和索引选择情况:

MYSQL必读
mysql>explain SELECT f_col3_id,f_qq1_id FROM d_dbname.t_tb1 WHERE f_col1_id=1226391 
and f_col2_id=1244378 and f_qq1_id in (12345,901233);
+------+---------------+---------+--------+--------------------------------+---------------+------------+--------+--------+------------------------------------+
| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys     | key   | key_len | ref | rows | Extra        |
+------+---------------+---------+--------+--------------------------------+---------------+------------+--------+--------+------------------------------------+
| 1 | SIMPLE  | t_tb1 | ref | uid_type_frid,idx_corpid_qq1id | uid_type_frid | 8   | const | 1386 | Using index condition; Using where |
+------+---------------+---------+--------+--------------------------------+---------------+------------+--------+--------+------------------------------------+
共返回 1 行记录,花费 11.52 ms.

MYSQL必读t_tb1 表上有个索引uid_type_frid(f_col2_id,f_type) idx_corp_id_qq1id(f_col1_id,f_qq1_id),而且如果选择后者时,f_qq1_id的过滤效果应该很佳,但却选择了前者.当使用 hint use index(idx_corp_id_qq1id)时:

MYSQL必读
mysql>explain extended SELECT f_col3_id,f_qq1_id FROM d_dbname.t_tb1 use index(idx_corpid_qq1id) WHERE f_col1_id=1226391 and f_col2_id=1244378 and f_qq1_id in (12345,901233);
+------+---------------+--------+--------+---------------------+------------------+------------+----------+-------------+------------------------------------+
| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys  | key    | key_len | ref  | rows  | Extra        |
+------+---------------+--------+--------+---------------------+------------------+------------+----------+-------------+------------------------------------+
| 1 | SIMPLE  | t_tb1 | ref | idx_corpid_qq1id | idx_corpid_qq1id | 8   | const | 2375752  | Using index condition; Using where |
+---- -+---------------+--------+--------+---------------------+------------------+------------+----------+-------------+------------------------------------+
共返回 1 行记录,花费 17.48 ms.
mysql>show warnings;
+-----------------+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Level   | Code   | Message                            |
+-----------------+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Warning   |   1739 | Cannot use range access on index 'idx_corpid_qq1id' due to type or collation conversion on field 'f_qq1_id'   |
| Note   |   1003 | /* select#1 */ select `d_dbname`.`t_tb1`.`f_col3_id` AS `f_col3_id`,`d_dbname`.`t_tb1`.`f_qq1_id` AS `f_qq1_id` from `d_dbname`.`t_tb1` USE INDEX (`idx_corpid_qq1id`) where |
|     |    | ((`d_dbname`.`t_tb1`.`f_col2_id` = 1244378) and (`d_dbname`.`t_tb1`.`f_col1_id` = 1226391) and (`d_dbname`.`t_tb1`.`f_qq1_id` in |
|     |    | (12345,901233)))          |
+-----------------+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
共返回 2 行记录,花费 10.81 ms.

MYSQL必读rows列达到200w行,但问题也发现了:select_type应该是 range 才对,key_len看出来只用到了idx_corpid_qq1id索引的第一列.上面explain使用了 extended,所以show warnings;可以很明确的看到 f_qq1_id 出现了隐式类型转换:f_qq1_idvarchar,而后面的比较值是整型.

MYSQL必读解决该问题就是避免出现隐式类型转换(implicit type conversion)带来的不可控:把f_qq1_id in的内容写成字符串:

MYSQL必读
mysql>explain SELECT f_col3_id,f_qq1_id FROM d_dbname.t_tb1 WHERE f_col1_id=1226391 and f_col2_id=1244378 and 
f_qq1_id in ('12345','23456','34567','45678','56789','67890','78901','89012','90123','901231');
+-------+---------------+--------+---------+--------------------------------+------------------+-------------+---------+---------+------------------------------------+
| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys     | key    | key_len  | ref  | rows | Extra        |
+-------+---------------+--------+---------+--------------------------------+------------------+-------------+---------+---------+------------------------------------+
| 1  | SIMPLE  | t_tb1 | range | uid_type_frid,idx_corpid_qq1id | idx_corpid_qq1id | 70   |   | 40  | Using index condition; Using where |
+-------+---------------+--------+---------+--------------------------------+------------------+-------------+---------+---------+------------------------------------+
共返回 1 行记录,花费 12.41 ms.

MYSQL必读扫描行数从1386减少为40.

MYSQL必读类似的还出现过一例:

MYSQL必读
SELECT count(0) FROM d_dbname.t_tb2 where f_col1_id= '1931231' AND f_phone in(098890);
| Warning | 1292 | Truncated incorrect DOUBLE value: '1512-98464356'

MYSQL必读优化后直接从扫描rows 100w行降为1.

MYSQL必读借这个机会,系统的来看一下mysql中的隐式类型转换.

MYSQL必读2. mysql隐式转换规则

MYSQL必读2.1 规则

MYSQL必读下面来分析一下隐式转换的规则:

MYSQL必读???? a. 两个参数至少有一个是 NULL 时,比较的结果也是 NULL,例外是使用 <=> 对两个 NULL 做比较时会返回 1,这两种情况都不需要做类型转换

MYSQL必读???? b. 两个参数都是字符串,会按照字符串来比较,不做类型转换

MYSQL必读???? c. 两个参数都是整数,按照整数来比较,不做类型转换

MYSQL必读???? d. 十六进制的值和非数字做比较时,会被当做二进制串

MYSQL必读???? e. 有一个参数是 TIMESTAMP DATETIME,并且另外一个参数是常量,常量会被转换为 timestamp

MYSQL必读???? f. 有一个参数是 decimal 类型,如果另外一个参数是 decimal 或者整数,会将整数转换为 decimal 后进行比较,如果另外一个参数是浮点数,则会把 decimal 转换为浮点数进行比较

MYSQL必读???? g. 所有其他情况下,两个参数都会被转换为浮点数再进行比较

MYSQL必读
mysql> select 11 + '11',11 + 'aa','a1' + 'bb',11 + '0.01a'; 
+-----------+-----------+-------------+--------------+
| 11 + '11' | 11 + 'aa' | 'a1' + 'bb' | 11 + '0.01a' |
+-----------+-----------+-------------+--------------+
|  22 |  11 |   0 |  11.01 |
+-----------+-----------+-------------+--------------+
1 row in set,4 warnings (0.00 sec)
mysql> show warnings;
+---------+------+-------------------------------------------+
| Level | Code | Message         |
+---------+------+-------------------------------------------+
| Warning | 1292 | Truncated incorrect DOUBLE value: 'aa' |
| Warning | 1292 | Truncated incorrect DOUBLE value: 'a1' |
| Warning | 1292 | Truncated incorrect DOUBLE value: 'bb' |
| Warning | 1292 | Truncated incorrect DOUBLE value: '0.01a' |
+---------+------+-------------------------------------------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select '11a' = 11,'11.0' = 11,'11.0' = '11',NULL = 1;
+------------+-------------+---------------+----------+
| '11a' = 11 | '11.0' = 11 | '11.0' = '11' | NULL = 1 |
+------------+-------------+---------------+----------+
|   1 |   1 |    0 |  NULL |
+------------+-------------+---------------+----------+
1 row in set,1 warning (0.01 sec)

MYSQL必读上面可以看出11 + 'aa',由于操作符两边的类型不一样且符合第g条,aa要被转换成浮点型小数,然而转换失败(字母被截断),可以认为转成了 0,整数11被转成浮点型还是它自己,所以11 + 'aa' = 11.

MYSQL必读0.01a转成double型也是被截断成0.01,所以11 + '0.01a' = 11.01.

MYSQL必读等式比较也说明了这一点,'11a'和'11.0'转换后都等于 11,这也正是文章开头实例为什么没走索引的原因: varchar型的f_qq1_id,转换成浮点型比较时,等于 12345 的情况有无数种如12345a、12345.b等待,MySQL优化器无法确定索引是否更有效,所以选择了其它方案.

MYSQL必读但并不是只要出现隐式类型转换,就会引起上面类似的性能问题,最终是要看转换后能否有效选择索引.像f_id = '654321'f_mtime between '2016-05-01 00:00:00' and '2016-05-04 23:59:59'就不会影响索引选择,因为前者f_id是整型,即使与后面的字符串型数字转换成double比较,依然能根据double确定f_id的值,索引依然有效.后者是因为符合第e条,只是右边的常量做了转换.

MYSQL必读开发人员可能都只要存在这么一个隐式类型转换的坑,但却又经常不注意,所以干脆无需记住那么多规则,该什么类型就与什么类型比较.

MYSQL必读2.2 隐式类型转换的安全问题

MYSQL必读implicit type conversion 不仅可能引起性能问题,还有可能产生安全问题.

MYSQL必读
mysql> desc t_account;
+-----------+-------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| Field  | Type  | Null | Key | Default | Extra   |
+-----------+-------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| fid  | int(11)  | NO | PRI | NULL | auto_increment |
| fname  | varchar(20) | YES |  | NULL |    |
| fpassword | varchar(50) | YES |  | NULL |    |
+-----------+-------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
mysql> select * from t_account;
+-----+-----------+-------------+
| fid | fname  | fpassword |
+-----+-----------+-------------+
| 1 | xiaoming | p_xiaoming |
| 2 | xiaoming1 | p_xiaoming1 |
+-----+-----------+-------------+

MYSQL必读假如应用前端没有WAF防护,那么下面的sql很容易注入:

MYSQL必读
mysql> select * from t_account where fname='A' ;
fname传入 A' OR 1='1 
mysql> select * from t_account where fname='A' OR 1='1';

MYSQL必读攻击者更聪明一点: fname传入 A'+'B,fpassword传入 ccc'+0 :

MYSQL必读
mysql> select * from t_account where fname='A'+'B' and fpassword='ccc'+0;
+-----+-----------+-------------+
| fid | fname  | fpassword |
+-----+-----------+-------------+
| 1 | xiaoming | p_xiaoming |
| 2 | xiaoming1 | p_xiaoming1 |
+-----+-----------+-------------+
2 rows in set,7 warnings (0.00 sec)

MYSQL必读总结

MYSQL必读以上就是为大家总结的MySQL隐式类型的转换陷阱和规则,希望这篇文章对大家学习或者mysql能有所帮助,如果有疑问大家可以留言交流,谢谢大家对编程之家PHP的支持.

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