http://www.artima.com/articles/io_design_patterns.html
转载自:http://www.cppblog.com/kevinlynx/archive/2008/06/06/52356.html
Proactor和Reactor模式_继续并发系统设计的扫盲
6.6.2008
Kevin Lynx
Proactor和Reactor都是并发编程中的设计模式。在我看来,他们都是用于派发/分离IO操作事件的。这里所谓的 IO事件也就是诸如read/write的IO操作。"派发/分离"就是将单独的IO事件通知到上层模块。两个模式不同的地方 在于,Proactor用于异步IO,而Reactor用于同步IO。
摘抄一些关键的东西:
" Two patterns that involve event demultiplexors are called Reactor and Proactor [1]. The Reactor patterns involve synchronous I/O,whereas the Proactor pattern involves asynchronous I/O. "
关于两个模式的大致模型,从以下文字基本可以明白:
" An example will help you understand the difference between Reactor and Proactor. We will focus on the read operation here,as the write implementation is similar. Here's a read in Reactor:
* An event handler declares interest in I/O events that indicate readiness for read on a particular socket ; * The event demultiplexor waits for events ; * An event comes in and wakes-up the demultiplexor,and the demultiplexor calls the appropriate handler; * The event handler performs the actual read operation,handles the data read,declares renewed interest in I/O events,and returns control to the dispatcher .
By comparison,here is a read operation in Proactor (true async):
* A handler initiates an asynchronous read operation (note: the OS must support asynchronous I/O). In this case,the handler does not care about I/O readiness events,but is instead registers interest in receiving completion events; * The event demultiplexor waits until the operation is completed ; * While the event demultiplexor waits,the OS executes the read operation in a parallel kernel thread,puts data into a user-defined buffer,and notifies the event demultiplexor that the read is complete ; * The event demultiplexor calls the appropriate handler; * The event handler handles the data from user defined buffer,starts a new asynchronous operation,and returns control to the event demultiplexor.
"
可以看出,两个模式的相同点,都是对某个IO事件的事件通知(即告诉某个模块,这个IO操作可以进行或已经完成)。在结构 上,两者也有相同点:demultiplexor负责提交IO操作(异步)、查询设备是否可操作(同步),然后当条件满足时,就回调handler。 不同点在于,异步情况下(Proactor),当回调handler时,表示IO操作已经完成;同步情况下(Reactor),回调handler时,表示 IO设备可以进行某个操作(can read or can write),handler这个时候开始提交操作。
用select模型写个简单的reactor,大致为:
///
classhandler
{ public: virtualvoidonRead()=0; voidonWrite()=0; voidonAccept()=0; };
classdispatch
{ voidpoll() { //addfdintheset. polleveryfdintc=select(0,&read_fd,&write_fd,0); if(c>0) { foreachfdintheread_fd_set {iffdcanread _handler->onRead(); iffdcanaccept _handler->onAccept(); } inthewrite_fd_set { iffdcanwrite _handler->onWrite(); } } } voidsetHandler(handler*_h) { _handler=_h; } private: handler*_handler; };
///application
classMyHandler:
publichandler
{ voidonRead() { } voidonWrite() { } voidonAccept() { } };
在网上找了份Proactor模式比较正式的文档,其给出了一个总体的UML类图,比较全面:
根据这份图我随便写了个例子代码:
classAsyIOProcessor
{ voiddo_read() { sendreadoperationtoOS readiofinished.anddispatchnotification _proactor->dispatch_read(); } private: Proactor*_proactor; };
classProactor
{ voiddispatch_read() { _handlerMgr->onRead(); } private: HandlerManager*_handlerMgr; };
classHandlerManager
{ public: typedefstd::list<Handler*>HandlerList; voidonRead() { notifyallthehandlers. std::for_each(_handlers.begin(),_handlers.end(),onRead); } private: HandlerList*_handlers; };
classHandler
{ voidonRead()=0; };
//
applicationlevelhandler.
publicHandler
{ voidonRead() { } };
Reactor通过某种变形,可以将其改装为Proactor,在某些不支持异步IO的系统上,也可以隐藏底层的实现,利于编写跨平台 代码。我们只需要在dispatch(也就是demultiplexor)中封装同步IO操作的代码,在上层,用户提交自己的缓冲区到这一层, 这一层检查到设备可操作时,不像原来立即回调handler,而是开始IO操作,然后将操作结果放到用户缓冲区(读),然后再 回调handler。这样,对于上层handler而言,就像是proactor一样。详细技法参见这篇文章。
其实就设计模式而言,我个人觉得某个模式其实是没有完全固定的结构的。不能说某个模式里就肯定会有某个类,类之间的 关系就肯定是这样。在实际写程序过程中也很少去特别地实现某个模式,只能说模式会给你更多更好的架构方案。
最近在看spserver的代码,看到别人提各种并发系统中的模式,有点眼红,于是才来扫扫盲。知道什么是leader follower模式, reactor,proactor,multiplexing,对于心中的那个网络库也越来越清晰。
最近还干了些离谱的事,写了传说中的字节流编码,用模板的方式实现,不但保持了扩展性,还少写很多代码;处于效率考虑, 写了个static array容器(其实就是template <typename _Tp,std::size_t size> class static_array { _Tp _con[size]), 加了iterator,遵循STL标准,可以结合进STL的各个generic algorithm用,自我感觉不错。基础模块搭建完毕,解析了公司 服务器网络模块的消息,我是不是真的打算用自己的网络模块重写我的验证服务器?在另一个给公司写的工具里,因为实在厌恶 越来越多的重复代码,索性写了几个宏,还真的做到了代码的自动生成:D。
对优雅代码的追求真的成了种癖好. = =|
(编辑:李大同)
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