c# – 来自静态单例内联初始化的NullReferenceException

10.4.5.1静态字段初始化：

The static field variable initializers of a class correspond to a
sequence of assignments that are executed in the textual order in
which they appear in the class declaration. If a static constructor
(Section 10.11) exists in the class,execution of the static field
initializers occurs immediately prior to executing that static
constructor. Otherwise,the static field initializers are executed at
an implementation-dependent time prior to the first use of a static
field of that class.

我遇到了一个奇怪的情况,这似乎不是真的.我有两个类彼此循环依赖,并抛出NullReferenceException.

我能够在以下简化的示例中重现此问题,看看：

public class SessionManager
{
    //// static constructor doesn't matter
    //static SessionManager()
    //{
    //    _instance = new SessionManager();
    //}

    private static SessionManager _instance = new SessionManager();
    public static SessionManager GetInstance()
    {
        return _instance;
    }

    public SessionManager()
    {
        Console.WriteLine($"{nameof(SessionManager)} constructor called");
        this.RecoverState();
    }

    public bool RecoverState()
    {
        Console.WriteLine($"{nameof(RecoverState)} called");
        List<SessionInfo> activeSessionsInDb = SessionManagerDatabase.GetInstance().LoadActiveSessionsFromDb();
        // ...
        return true;
    }

    public List<SessionInfo> GetAllActiveSessions()
    {
        Console.WriteLine($"{nameof(GetAllActiveSessions)} called");
        return new List<SessionInfo>();
    }
}

public class SessionManagerDatabase
{
    //// static constructor doesn't matter
    //static SessionManagerDatabase()
    //{
    //    _instance = new SessionManagerDatabase();
    //}

    private static readonly SessionManagerDatabase _instance = new SessionManagerDatabase();
    public static SessionManagerDatabase GetInstance()
    {
        return _instance;
    }

    public SessionManagerDatabase()
    {
        Console.WriteLine($"{nameof(SessionManagerDatabase)} constructor called");
        Synchronize();
    }          

    public void Synchronize()
    {
        Console.WriteLine($"{nameof(Synchronize)} called");
        // NullReferenceException here
        List<SessionInfo> memorySessions = SessionManager.GetInstance().GetAllActiveSessions();  
        //...
    }

    public List<SessionInfo> LoadActiveSessionsFromDb()
    {
        Console.WriteLine($"{nameof(LoadActiveSessionsFromDb)} called");
        return new List<SessionInfo>();
    }
}

public class SessionInfo
{
}

如果您按照其他question中的建议取消注释静态构造函数,问题仍然存在.使用此代码在SessionManager.GetInstance()的Synchronize中使用NullRefernceException作为InnerException获取TypeInitializationException.GetAllActiveSessions()：

static void Main(string[] args)
{
    try
    {
        var sessionManagerInstance = SessionManager.GetInstance();
    }
    catch (TypeInitializationException e)
    {
        Console.WriteLine(e);
        throw;
    }
}

控制台输出：

SessionManager constructor called
RecoverState called
SessionManagerDatabase constructor called
Synchronize called
System.TypeInitializationException: Der Typeninitialisierer für "SessionManager" hat eine Ausnahme verursacht. ---> System.TypeInitializationException: Der Typeninitialisierer für "SessionManagerDatabase" hat eine Ausnahme verursacht. ---> System.NullReferenceException: Der Objektverweis wurde nicht auf eine Objektinstanz festgelegt.
   bei ConsoleApplication_CSharp.Program.SessionManagerDatabase.Synchronize() in ......
   bei ConsoleApplication_CSharp.Program.SessionManagerDatabase..ctor() in ......
   bei ConsoleApplication_CSharp.Program.SessionManagerDatabase..cctor() in ......
   --- Ende der internen Ausnahmestapelüberwachung ---
   bei ConsoleApplication_CSharp.Program.SessionManagerDatabase.GetInstance()
   bei ConsoleApplication_CSharp.Program.SessionManager.RecoverState() in ......
   bei ConsoleApplication_CSharp.Program.SessionManager..ctor() in .....
   bei ConsoleApplication_CSharp.Program.SessionManager..cctor() in ......
   --- Ende der internen Ausnahmestapelüberwachung ---
   bei ConsoleApplication_CSharp.Program.SessionManager.GetInstance()
   bei ConsoleApplication_CSharp.Program.Main(String[] args) in ......

我知道这里存在某种循环依赖(在原始代码中不那么明显),但我仍然不明白为什么代码无法初始化单例.除了避免循环依赖之外,这个用例的最佳方法是什么？