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pgpool就是一个架在数据库与应用系统之间的中间层，用于实现cluster或分布式数据库，实现数据库的大规模集成应用，类以于oracle的Tuxedo；不过这个是开源的，功能上也有一些限制，具体应用去它的官网上去看，下面主要分析它的实现原理
对于replication，它和mysql一样是通过传递SQL实现的，对于分布式存储，它是把SQL经过parse,rewrite之后，生成经过优化后的SQL分别在结点上执行，再把结果汇总。
对postgresql的通讯是通过libpq和socket实现的，对于自身多结点的通讯是通过socket实现的，对于一台机器的多个进程间是通过pipe和unix domain socket通信的
pgpool也和postgresql一样是多进程的，主要分为main进程，child进程,pcp进程，main进程主要是health check和消息中转，child进程负责与postgresql通讯，pcp进程负责与其它的pgpool进程通讯和用户名密码的检查，pcp之间的通讯全是用一个字母代表语义，这个通讯协议还需要看看是不是采用的是postgresql中的通讯协议，在pcp目录下面，还保存了一些用户管理pgpool的工具
pgpool的数据库结点分为两类，第一是node db就是普通的数据库结点，第二是system db这个在分布式存储中主要存储分布的规则，在query cache中用来保存cache，这在一个pgpool的缓冲池中只有一个
在结构体中，第一个最重要的是
typedef struct {
char *listen_addresses; /* hostnames/IP addresses to listen on */
int port; /* port # to bind */
int pcp_port; /* PCP port # to bind */
char *socket_dir; /* pgpool socket directory */
char *pcp_socket_dir; /* PCP socket directory */
int pcp_timeout; /* PCP timeout for an idle client */
int num_init_children; /* # of children initially pre-forked */
int child_life_time; /* if idle for this seconds,child exits */
int connection_life_time; /* if idle for this seconds,connection closes */
int child_max_connections; /* if max_connections received,child exits */
int client_idle_limit; /* If client_idle_limit is n (n > 0),the client is forced to be
disconnected after n seconds idle */
int authentication_timeout; /* maximum time in seconds to complete client authentication */
int max_pool; /* max # of connection pool per child */
char *logdir; /* logging directory */
char *pid_file_name; /* pid file name */
char *backend_socket_dir; /* Unix domain socket directory for the PostgreSQL server */
int replication_mode; /* replication mode */
int log_connections; /* 0:false,1:true - logs incoming connections */
int log_hostname; /* 0:false,1:true - resolve hostname */
int enable_pool_hba; /* 0:false,1:true - enables pool_hba.conf file authentication */
int load_balance_mode; /* load balance mode */
int replication_stop_on_mismatch; /* if there's a data mismatch between master and secondary
* start degenration to stop replication mode
*/
int replicate_select; /* if non 0,replicate SELECT statement when load balancing is disabled. */
char **reset_query_list; /* comma separated list of quries to be issued at the end of session */
int print_timestamp; /* if non 0,print time stamp to each log line */
int master_slave_mode; /* if non 0,operate in master/slave mode */
int connection_cache; /* if non 0,cache connection pool */
int health_check_timeout; /* health check timeout */
int health_check_period; /* health check period */
char *health_check_user; /* PostgreSQL user name for health check */
char *failover_command; /* execute command when failover happens */
char *failback_command; /* execute command when failback happens */
/*
* If true,trigger fail over when writing to the backend
* communication socket fails. This is the same behavior of
* pgpool-II 2.2.x or earlier. If set to false,pgpool will report
* an error and disconnect the session.
*/
int fail_over_on_backend_error;
char *recovery_user; /* PostgreSQL user name for online recovery */
char *recovery_password; /* PostgreSQL user password for online recovery */
char *recovery_1st_stage_command; /* Online recovery command in 1st stage */
char *recovery_2nd_stage_command; /* Online recovery command in 2nd stage */
int recovery_timeout; /* maximum time in seconds to wait for remote start-up */
int client_idle_limit_in_recovery; /* If > 0,the client is forced to be
* disconnected after n seconds idle
* This parameter is only valid while in recovery 2nd statge */
int insert_lock; /* if non 0,automatically lock table with INSERT to keep SERIAL
data consistency */
int ignore_leading_white_space; /* ignore leading white spaces of each query */
int log_statement; /* 0:false,1: true - logs all SQL statements */
int log_per_node_statement; /* 0:false,1: true - logs per node detailed SQL statements */
int parallel_mode; /* if non 0,run in parallel query mode */
int enable_query_cache; /* if non 0,use query cache. 0 by default */
char *pgpool2_hostname; /* pgpool2 hostname */
char *system_db_hostname; /* system DB hostname */
int system_db_port; /* system DB port number */
char *system_db_dbname; /* system DB name */
char *system_db_schema; /* system DB schema name */
char *system_db_user; /* user name to access system DB */
char *system_db_password; /* password to access system DB */
char *lobj_lock_table; /* table name to lock for rewriting lo_creat */
BackendDesc *backend_desc; /* PostgreSQL Server description. Placed on shared memory */
LOAD_BALANCE_STATUS load_balance_status[MAX_NUM_BACKENDS]; /* to remember which DB node is selected for load balancing */
/* followings do not exist in the configuration file */
int current_slot; /* current backend slot # */
int replication_enabled; /* replication mode enabled */
int master_slave_enabled; /* master/slave mode enabled */
int num_reset_queries; /* number of queries in reset_query_list */
/* ssl configuration */
int ssl; /* if non 0,activate ssl support (frontend+backend) */
char *ssl_cert; /* path to ssl certificate (frontend only) */
char *ssl_key; /* path to ssl key (frontend only) */
char *ssl_ca_cert; /* path to root (CA) certificate */
char *ssl_ca_cert_dir; /* path to directory containing CA certificates */
} POOL_CONFIG;
POOL_CONFIG里面保存了pgpool的配置信息，是从配置文件中读入的，这里面最重要的是BackendDesc *backend_desc，它里面保存了pgpool和数据库的连接信息，是放在共享内存中，供所有pgpool的child进程共享的。其余的字段看注释就可以了
每一个BackendInfo对应一个数据库连接，其实就是postgresql的一个进程
/*
* PostgreSQL backend descriptor. Placed on shared memory area.
*/
typedef struct {
char backend_hostname[MAX_DB_HOST_NAMELEN]; /* backend host name */
int backend_port; /* backend port numbers */
BACKEND_STATUS backend_status; /* backend status */
double backend_weight; /* normalized backend load balance ratio */
double unnormalized_weight; /* descripted parameter */
char backend_data_directory[MAX_PATH_LENGTH];
} BackendInfo;
typedef struct {int num_backends; /* number of used PostgreSQL backends */BackendInfo backend_info[MAX_NUM_BACKENDS];} BackendDesc; （编辑：李大同）
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